{"id":2958,"date":"1993-10-03T11:30:00","date_gmt":"1993-10-03T09:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/?p=2958"},"modified":"2025-07-01T09:42:49","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T07:42:49","slug":"episode-14-2-october-1993","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/episode-14-2-october-1993\/","title":{"rendered":"Episode 14, 2 October 1993"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Episode 14, 2 October 1993<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Description<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Meteorological background<\/u><\/p>\n

Two days before the sea-level maximum in Bakar, a deep cyclone originating from the North Atlantic moved toward western Europe and into the European continent. This system generated a moderate Sirocco wind across the Adriatic. By 2 October, cyclonic activity intensified with the development of a secondary cyclone over Central Europe. This increased the air pressure gradient over the Adriatic, strengthening the Sirocco, which reached its peak intensity on the evening of 2 October.<\/p>


<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sea-level evolution<\/u><\/p>\n

On 2 October at 20:00 UTC, the sea level in Bakar rose to 90 cm above the long-term mean. At that time, tide<\/i> exhibited a semidiurnal spring-tide pattern. However, the sea-level maximum coincided with a secondary daily tidal peak, contributing only 5 cm to the overall sea level.
In the preceding week, the Adriatic had experienced minimal cyclonic activity, meaning the flood was not influenced by pre-existing 21.2-hour seiches. As a result, synoptic component<\/i> was dominated by a storm surge. This storm surge, driven by the intensified air-pressure gradient and the strong Sirocco winds, reached its peak just before the sea-level maximum and contributed 45 cm to the total height.
<\/strong><\/p>\n

The remaining sea-level rise resulted from processes acting on other time scales (refer to Figure 1 in the Introduction for detailed explanations). High-frequency oscillations <\/i>contributed an exceptional 20 cm, planetary-scale variability<\/i> added 9 cm, and long-term sea-level change <\/i>added 11 cm.<\/p>


<\/p>\n

In summary, this flood was the result of a constructive superposition of all components,  with significant contributions from both synoptic<\/i> and local processes<\/i>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

Newspaper reports<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

For this flood, the available daily newspapers in the National and University Library was reviewed. However, no mentions of the episode impacts were found. The reason for this could be the Croatian War of Independence occurring at the time that may have caused newspapers to focus on more pressing issues.
<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sea-level series for the flood of 2 October 1993: measured (black), tide (green), combined long-period component and mean sea-level changes (grey), synoptic component (purple), and local processes (blue). The inset figure shows the contributions (cm) of the five sea-level components to the maximum measured sea level.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4426,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-storm-surge","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2958"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4655,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958\/revisions\/4655"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/projekti.pmfst.unist.hr\/floods\/storm-surges\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}